The Resistance of a Wire Essay Example for Free

The Resistance of a Wire Essay Steps 1 to 5 were repeated but the number of wires between the crocodile clips was increased by one each time until the total number of wires was The diammeter of the Constantan wire was measured using the Micrometer Screw Gauge. The diammeter was measured at two different places along the wire and the average value used in the calculation of the area. Measurements;   The length of wire between the crocodile clips was measured (L) using the metre rule.   The Potential Difference across the wire (V) was measured using the Voltmeter. The Current through the wire was measured twice and the average taken. This measurement was made using the Ammeter.   The diammeter of the wire (d) was measured using the Micrometer Screw Gauge. Results and Calculations Resistance (R) Resistance was calculated using each pair of values of V and Iaverage using the relationship R = V/Iaverage Cross-Sectional Area (A) The cross-sectional area was calculated using the relationship A = ? d2/4 d1 d2 daverage A = ? (daverage)2/4 mm mm mm x 10-2 mm2 0. 26 0. 26 0. 26 5. 31 The total area is given by A = Cross-sectional area of one wire x the Number of Wires Resistance and Length Potential Difference (V) Current (I1) Current (I2) Current (Iaverage) Length (L) Resistance (R) Volts Amps Amps Amps cm Ohms 3Resistance and Area Potential Difference Number of Wires Current Current Current Area 1/Area Resistance (V) (I1) (I2) (Iavge) (A) (1/A) (R) Volts Amps Amps Amps x10-2mm2 mm-2 Ohms Graphs of Results A Graph of Resistance against Length A Graph of Resistance against Area This graph is obviously not a straight line through the origin. A Graph of Resistance against 1/Area Conclusion Resistance and Length The graph of Resistance against the length of the wire is a striaght line passing through the origin. This means that the Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire as long as the cross-sectional area is constant. Resistance ? Length R ? L Doubling the length of the wire causes the Resistance to double. This agrees with the prediction that I made using my scientific background knowledge. Resistance and Area The graph of Resistance against cross-sectional area is NOT a straight line through the origin. The graph of 1/(cross-sectional area) is a straight line through the origin. This means that the Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire as long as the length is constant. Resistance ? 1/(cross-sectional area) R ? 1/A Doubling the cross-sectional area of the wire causes the Resistance to halve. This agrees with the prediction that I made using my scientific background knowledge. Evaluation Justification of the Conclusions Resistance and Length All of the experimental measurements of resistance and length lie on or close to a straight line through the origin on the graph. Resistance and Area All of the experimental measurements of resistance and 1/(cross-sectional area) lie on or close to a straight line through the origin on the graph. Uncertainties Measurement of Voltage The Voltage was measured using a 0-5 Volt d. c. Analogue Voltmeter. The smallest scale division on this scale was 0. 2 Volts This gives an uncertainty of + or 0. 2 Volts allowing for an uncertainty in the setting of the zero on the Voltmeter. Measurement of Current The Current was measured using a 0-1 Amp d. c. Analogue Ammeter and a 0-5 Amp d. c. Analogue Ammeter. The smallest scale division on the 0-1A scale was 0. 02 Amps. This gives an uncertainty of + or 0. 02 Amps allowing for an uncertainty in the setting of the zero on the Ammeter. The smallest scale division on the 0-5A scale was 0. 1 Amps. This gives an uncertainty of + or 0. 1 Amps allowing for an uncertainty in the setting of the zero on the Ammeter. Changing from one scale to another is bad practice as the two scales may not have been similarly calibrated. Measurement of Length The length of the wire was measured using a metre rule. The smallest scale division on the rule was 1mm. This gives an uncertainty of + or 1mm. There is an uncertainty of + or 0. 5mm at each end of the length of wire. It was difficult to ensure that no kinks occurred in the wire. Kinks in the wire would have meant that the wire was actually longer than the measured value. Measurement of Diammeter The diammeter was measured using a Micrometer Screw Gauge The smallest scale division on the Micrometer Screw Gauge was 0. 01mm. This gives an uncertainty of + or 0. 01 mm allowing for an uncertainty in the setting of the zero on the Micrometer Screw Gauge Resistance The contacts between the crocodile clips and the wire may have introduced extra resistance into the circuit. The amount of extra resistance cannot be estimated and will have changed during the course of the investigation. Temperature The resistance of a metal wire does change with temperature and despite keeping the voltage low, the temperature of the wire will have changed during the investigation. Constantan wire was selected for the investigation because its resistance does not change very much as the temperature changes. The wire was laid out on the desk so that any heating effect would be minimised. The heat generated would have been lost to the surroundings. The resistance of a metal wire increases as the temperature goes up. Anomalous Results All of the values plotted on the graphs of Resistance against Length and Resistance against 1/(cross-sectional area) were close to the straight line (the line of best fit). This was certainly true within the limits of accuracy of the experiments. There were no anomalous results. Improvements Contact Resistance at the Crocodile Clips. It should be possible to develop a technique for connecting the wires into the circuit which would eliminate any uncertainty due to the contacts. This might involve soldering connections to the wire under test. This would involve quite a lot of extra work which would not be justified by the increase in accuracy obtained. Increased Number of Values of Cross-Sectional Area Because the final graph used was Resistance against 1/(Cross-Sectional Area) the points plotted were not evenly spaced. Keeping the Temperature of the Wire Constant There are two ways in which the temperature of the wire could have been kept more nearly constant. Using much smaller values for the applied Potential Difference and therefore the current through the wire. This could have been achieved by placing a large value resistor in series with the wire say 0-5000 Ohms. We would have needed to use a much more sensitive ammeter and voltmeter.   Placing the wire in a water bath as shown in the diagram below. The temperature of the wire would have been the same as the water bath. A large amount of heat energy is needed to change the temperature of the water bath because of the high value for the Specific Heat Capacity of water. Extension of the Investigation. Different Materials Different metals have different values for their resistivity ? . A series of experiments could be carried out to measure the resistivities of different metals and alloys. Change of Resistance with Temperature A series of experiments could be carried out to measure the change in resistance of a fixed length of Constantan wire as the temperature of the wire is changed. This could be done by placing the wire under test in a water bath and changing the temperature of the water bath by heating it with a Bunsen burner. The length and cross-sectional area of the wire would be kept constant.

Penetanguishene Charter Violation :: essays research papers

In Penetanguishene, the law now says that anyone under 16 out after 12am will be taken home. This was on VR News tonight, the reasons they listed--a skate park had been graffitied and a park bench was slightly burned in a fire. These all seem a little light to me, I guess to a town of less than 9000 people, it's very severe, but is that an excuse to defy the Constitutional rights of Canadians? I have so many problems with this, I don't know where to begin. I think I'll start with the Charter, section 15. (1) "Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability." I'd like to stress on equal protection and equal benefit without discrimination based on age. What is this? It's discriminating based on age. Penetanguishene has introduced a law targeted at a group of people, without taking in any individual merit (more on this later), and using age as the target point. We all have to remember that just because someone is a minor, it does not give the right for the government to abuse them. Unless it can be proven that all people in Penetanguishene under 16 out after 12am are committing a crime or are planning to commit a crime, this law is unconstitutional. This law infringes on section 2. c) by depriving the right to peaceful assembly as the police will not take into account what the people are doing and will take home anyone and everyone fitting the [already deemed unconstitutional] preset criteria. It infringes on section 7., it deprives liberty of these people to not give them the choice, and the reasons do not affect the principles of fundamental justice at all. So, what does the local Ontario Provincial Police have to say about enforcing an unconstitutional curfew? "It's not a curfew". According to the OPP, they are not introducing any new law, simply enforcing an already passed law (regrettably I can neither remember which jurisdiction it was under or what it was called, something about Youth and Family Services). A good question is what's the point of fighting this, Burlington has curfew bylaws and I don't say anything about them. Well it's simple, Burlington's curfew is there in case it has to be used, like a police officer's sidearm, they don't go around shooting everyone for anything, but should the rare occurrence that they need it, it's there.

About Edumentor

About eduMENTOR This is a very small firm. Its full name is edumentor educational services. It provides coaching to students for cracking entrance exams of B. B. S. ; B. B. A. ; B. B. E. Promoter of edumentor is Vikas Jain who is Shaheed Sukhdev College of studies passout. At the moment, edumentor is a partnership firm run by Mr. Vikas Jain and Mr. Manuj Arora. Although it is a small firm but it is fastest growing coaching centre ever (according to data provided by them). Edumentor is just three years old and is now threatening the business of IMS (temple of learning); T. I. M. E. ; Career launcher and many smaller coaching centres. Members of eduMENTOR Mr. Vikas Jain and Mr. Manuj Arora (owners of the firm) Mr. Aashish and Mr. Saurabh Mr. Deepak Sharma There were 3 more employees who were sitting in the office, but I don’t know the name of them. I am assuming there name as A, B, C. Level of management There is no middle level management in this firm. There is only low level management and high level management in edumentor. My project is based on high level management of edumentor. My history with eduMENTOR There is a history of mine with edumentor. I have worked here as a trainee. Last year (March, 2008), edumentor was conducting counseling for commerce students who were appearing for 12th class board exam. They appointed more than 250 trainees for this purpose. I was supervisor of 7 trainees. Among those trainees there was a guy named Deepak Sharma. We became very good friends at that time. After the completion of counseling project, I left edumentor, but Deepak still worked there and today he is project manager of edumentor. I also know Vikas Jain, Manuj Arora, aashish, saurabh because of last year training done by me. My observation in eduMENTOR I have spent 3 days in edumentor for doing organizational behaviour project. On day 1, as I entered the office, aashish sir greeted me, I felt very much delighted because aashish sir always talked me rudely last year. On next 2 days no one greeted me. On all 3 days both of them wore informal clothes. According to my 3 days experience in edumentor, I come to know that there is a very good relationship between all the members of edumentor. In my presence, 5 students have taken admission in edumentor. Whenever any student takes admission, they all start celebrations. Deepak is the guy who literally loves edumentor. Whenever I talk him about edumentor, he always starts praising it. Deepak also got a job offer from Brilliant Tutorials with a better salary but he opted to stay at edumentor. I asked him why he rejected the job, he said â€Å"in edumentor everyone knows me, I am getting better job designation here and as edumentor grow, I will also grow! † This was his answer. Edumentor had also provided 0% loan to Deepak. Because of this loan Deepak purchased new scooty. I loved this type of helping employee management. Aashish sir is a professional counselor. He does counseling of students who come to edumentor office. Bringing the students in edumentor office is the responsibility of Deepak and to let them enroll in edumentor (admission in edumentor) is the responsibility of Aashish sir. Responsibility of Saurabh sir is almost same as responsibility of aashish sir. Saurbh sir does the counseling in coaching centres. Aashish sir is also responsible for keeping cash. Mr. A is responsible for for making question paper and Ms. B & Ms. C are responsible for telephonic calling. Although designations of A, B, C are small, but they are all treated cordially. They are considered as a important member of edumentor family. Like Deepak, Aashish sir is also very desperate for the success of edumentor, although he is just an employee. When I first met Aashish sir last year, I thought he is the owner of edumentor. Aashish sir had done post graduate in finance from a very good university. He is also getting finance related jobs but like Deepak he opted to stay at edumentor. A, B, and C are also good employees but they are working for money. I had seen Ms. B and Ms. C reading ‘situation vacant’ in the newspaper. Mr. A generally didn’t talk to anyone. Whenever he talked it was related to his work. Last year Saurabh sir faced a bike accident. After 6 months, he recovered. Edumentor sponcered half of his medical expenses. I liked this type of sponcership, this type of management. Because of this, Saurabh sir is very loyal to edumentor. Saurabh Sir is also responsible for board activities under which he recruits trainees. These trainees do small counseling of commerce students who are appearing for board exam at their board centers. Counseling here implies pursuing students to take admission in edumentor and also telling them the future aspects of BBS, BBA, BBE. Mr. A’s job is to make question paper. He does this job under the supervision of Manuj sir. Manuj sir is actually responsible for managing question paper. Manuj sir also offered me the job of making question paper. He asked me like this â€Å"Raghav if you want to prepare for CAT entrance exam then do this job, you will automatically get prepared for CAT! † This is called true management. With a style he convinced me to do this low paid job and I also agreed to his offer. Manuj sir is also responsible for overall management of edumentor. There is no specific HR department in edumentor. Manuj sir, Aashish sir, Saurabh sir, Vikas sir and Deepak all are performing HR job. They all trust each other very much. Because of this trust, there is no room for confusion. Vikas sir is the guy who started edumentor. According to my observation Vikas sir is only investing in edumentor. He is simply an investor. As he is the main stake holder of edumentor, final decision related to management is taken by him only. Although he does not participate in day to day management, but he is the only guy who motivates every employee, make them feel that they are the owner of edumentor. The meetings held in edumentor are informal. Sometimes they even crack jokes. On day 2 of my observation, they were discussing about recruiting trainees from school of open learning. Although their topic was serious, but they were discussing it informally. Meetings held there were spontaneous. Whenever there was an issue either it was small or big, they immediately conduct meeting. I loved this quick management in edumentor. When there is no meeting, then also they generally talk informally, although their talks are related to their work. Vikas sir, Manuj sir, Aashish Sir, Saurabh sir and Deepak are like the pillars of edumentor. Vikas sir and Manuj sir are obviously concerned for edumentor as they are the owners of firm. But Saurabh sir, Deepak and Aashish sir are also very concerned for edumentor, they all are getting better job, but they opted to stay in edumentor. According to them edumentor is going to become no. coaching centre and working in edumentor is like investment, they will grow as edumentor grows. The environment of edumentor is too good. This is the type of office in which I can spend my whole life. Here everyone is interested in success of edumentor. I would love to work here as growth of edumentor is proportional to growth of mine. There is positive vibration everywhere in the office. Small conclusion Edumentor is the best place to work specia lly for beginners as there is big room for growth. Vikas sir is a dynamic leader, student who wants to be a great leader should work under his guidance.

The Adoption Of Information Technology - 1534 Words

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With all the hype and rave of HIT, some health care providers are stil l on the fence in fully embracing the use of these technologies. This is primarily because, for some small group practices, the high implementation cost is a deterrent factor. Health IT has brought with it lots of new technologies that have been invented to control and disseminate health-related information. The most common type of HIT is an electronic record system that collects, stores, and organizes patients’ data and information. This system, if properly utilized, can go a longShow MoreRelatedThe Adoption Of Information Technology777 Words   |  4 PagesThe adoption of information technology in healthcare has dramatically improved patient care, and the practice of medicine in its entirety. Health information technology (HIT or Health IT) has created, among other things, free flow and improved communication amongst all healthcare workers and providers, patients and the community as a whole. 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